Practical 1 - One Way Switch Control Two Lamp Surface Wiring

Surface Wiring


Surface Wiring is an old method and is usually used in areas where the branching of the circuit is likely to change often like a work shop, where the branching depends on the layout and the layout changes often. With surface wiring you can add outlets, switches and lights wherever you want easily and quickly, without tearing open a wall. You can finally get that outlet exactly where you need it. Advantage: Wiring can be relaid easily. Disadvantage: it can get damaged easily, so unsafe.

One Way Switch Control Two Lamp Wiring Diagram.

Intro Occupational Safety and Health

What is occupational health and safety?
Occupational health and safety is a discipline with a broad scope involving many specialized fields.

Should aim at:
The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations.
The prevention among workers of adverse effects on health caused by their working conditions.
The protection of workers in their employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health.
The placing and maintenance of workers in an occupational environment adapted to physical
and mental needs.
The adaptation of work to humans.
In other words, occupational health and safety encompasses the social, mental and physical
well-being of workers.

HISTORY

1. Boiler Safety Era - before 1914
    Occupational in Safety and Health duties are the first carried out in Malaysia in the year 1878, where Mr.. William Givan was appointed as Machinery Inspector. He was assigned to check the safety of the boiler when is mainly used in tin mines. At around the 1890s, the Perak state government has implemented inspection system by individuals, which a person qualifications in the
field of steam boilers is licensed to be a boilers surveyor. In 1892 there were 83 steam boilers in Perak. The Boiler Surveyor system was discontinued in 1900 as C. Finchman appointed as
Inspector of boiler. The first Legal boiler enacment is Selangor Boiler Enactment 1892. Meanwhile in Perak, Legislation was first enacted in 1903. In 1908 the State's then-Federated Malay States legislation has their own boilers, and all the examiners at that time known as the 'Inspector of boiler.

2. Machinery Safety Era - 1914 to 1952
    At 1st. January 1914, enactments of the steam boiler in the Malay States was repealed and replaced with Machinery Enactment of 1913. Enactment of 1913, inspectors were not only inspection of steam
boilers, but also on other machinery, including internal combustion engines, water turbines and related auxiliary equipment installation. At the same time the position of Boiler Inspector also abolished and replaced by the Inspectors of Machinery and Assistant Inspector of Machinery. In 1932, Machinery Enactment of 1913 was repealed and replaced with Machinery Enactment of 1932.
 Inspection and registration and inspection of the installation were enforced. The inspectors of machinery is in under the administration of the Mines Department (Machinery branch). This was because most of the machinery concentrated in the mining sector at that time.

3. Industrial Safety Era - 1953 to 1967
    Machinery Branch is under the Department of Mines until 1952. Branch Machinery (Machinery) has been separated from the Department of Mines and assumed the name of the Machinery
Department. Separation is necessary because most of the developed examination outside of the mining industry. In 1953, all machinery used in the enactment has been repealed and replaced with Machinery Ordinace 1953. With the enforcement of Ordinance 1953, the role of the examiner is
not more focused on the safety of boilers or machinery, but also include the safety of workers in factories where machinery was used. Ordinance 1953 has a shortfall in the health aspects workers even though there are regulations on safety, health and workers under the ordinance, but it’s not fully enforced.

4. Industrial Safety and Health Era - 1970 to 1994
    The new legislation enacted Occupational Safety and Health at 1994. Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514) has been approved by the Parliament in 1993 and was gazetted on
February 1994. This legislation was made in view of the Factories and Machinery 1967 only covers occupational safety and health in the sector manufacturing, mining and quarrying and construction, which safety and health of workers in the other industries do not covered. Workers engaged under the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 only 24% of the total workforce, while the Internal Security Act
and Health Act 1994 cover 90% of energy work and would exempt those working on ships and military.

5. Occupational Safety and Health Era -after 1994
    Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 is aimed to foster and promote safety awareness
among health workers and also create organization with effective safety and health regulations. This is done through self-regulation scheme that relevant to the industry or related organizations.

****more info click link in AW101 page

One Way Switch

One way lighting circuit using in-line switching 

Line diagram of a one way lighting circuit using in line method (fig 1).

Fig 1

A one way light switch is quite easy to wire up.

fig 2

The cable going to the light switch is connected as follows (fig 2). The red wire from the feed cable is connected to the top terminal, the red wire going to the light is connected to the bottom terminal, the black wires from both cables are connected together in a plastic terminal block and the earth wires are connected to the earth terminal. If you are using a plastic switch the earth wires will need to be connected to the terminal in the terminal box (as shown above) because there are no earth terminals on plastic switches.

A two way light switch can also be used in in place of a one way light switch, in this instance the red wire from the feed cable is connected to the common (C) terminal and the red wire going to the light is connected to the (L1) terminal. The (L2) terminal is unused.

A metal light switch must be earthed as seen below. 

fig 3

If you are using metal light switches (fig 3) make sure you connect the earth wire to the earth terminal on the switch and fit an earth link wire from the switch to the earth terminal in the back box.

When using a ceiling rose on a circuit that utilises the in line switching method, again the wiring is quite easy, the difficult part is working at height and above your head. 

fig 4

The cable going to the ceiling rose is connected as follows (fig 4). The red wire is connected to the same terminal block that contains the brown wire going to the lampholder, the black wire is connected to the same terminal block that contains the blue wire going to the lampholder and the earth wire is connected to the earth terminal.

 

 sources:http://www.diyhowto.co.uk/projects/one-way-light-switch

OSHA

OSHA PHILOSOPHIES & OBJECTIVES

Philosophy:  responsibilities to ensure safety and health at the workplace lies with those who create the risk and those who work with the risk. (at practicable)

Scope:  person at work in all economic activities including public services & statutory authorities (exp: on board ship/armed forced)

(manufacturing, construction, mining, transportation, hotel, restaurant, public services, finance, insurance, agriculture, utilities.)

OBJECTIVE OF OSHA

1. to secure the safety, health and welfare of person at work
2. to protect person (others then person at work) at a place of work against hazard
3. to promote occupational environment adaptable to the persons physiological and psychological needs
4. to provide the means towards a legislative system based on regulations and industry codes of practice in combination with the provisions of the acts

EMPLOYERS and EMPLOYEE’S RESPONSIBILITIES

Employee’s responsibilities

1. provide and maintain safe plants and system of work
2. make arrangement for safe use, operation, handling storage and transportation of plant and substances.
3. Provide instruction, information, training and supervision
4. Provide and maintain safe place of work and means of access to and egress from any lace of work
5. Provide and maintain safe and healthy working environment and adequate welfare facilities
6. Formulate safety and health policy( written statement, OSH organization, OSH arrangement)
7. report to the nearest OSH officers any accidents, dangerous
8. occurance and poisoning.
9. Reasonable care for safety and health of himself and others.
10. Co-operate with employer and others on safety and health.
11. Wear and use equipment provided by employer at all time.
12. Obey the rules apply by the employer under 1994 act or any related rules/law.

 

FACTORY AND MACHINE ACT 1967

• Factories and Machineries Act (FMA ) came into force in 1967
• to provide for the control of factories with respect to matters relating to safety, health and welfare of persons at work
• to provide control on registration and inspection of machinery.
• The Act applies only to premises defined within it, notably factories and construction sites.
• However, a point to note here would be that the Occupational safety and Health Act (OSHA), 1994, supersedes the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 in the event of any conflict and inconsistency between the two laws.

 OSHA ORGANISATION

Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)

The Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) is a department under the Ministry of Human Resources. This department is responsible for ensuring the safety, health and welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people from the safety and health hazards arising from the activities sectors which including Manufacturing, Mining and Quarrying, Construction, Hotels and Restaurant, Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing, Transport, Storage and Communication, Public Services and Statutory Authorities, Utilities - Gas, Electricity, Water and Sanitary Services, Finance, Insurance, Real Estate and Business Services, Wholesale and Retail Trades

As a government agency, the department is responsible for the administration and enforcement of legislations related to occupational safety and health of the country, with a vision of becoming an organization which leads the nation in creating a safe and healthy work culture that contributes towards enhancing the quality of working life.

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

December 1, 1992 - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), under the Ministry of Human Resources to spearhead the safety and health culture at the workplace in Malaysia. Start as company registered on 1965, now as a government organization charged with the provision of training, consultation and information in the area of occupational safety and health.

Objective:

§  As a main planner and drafter in OSH and prepare the curriculum and training for workers, company and others

§    As an assistant for industries, group, and others to handle matters on OSH.

§    To help parties involved in OSH with information on current update on the matters in or

§    R & D (short/long term) regarding the OSH

Activities handle by NIOSH are planning all program regarding the implementation of safety and health at the workplace including scope of work, objective of the organization, training, and guiding the employee.  Main training by NIOSH since 1993 are: Safety on site, Safety on material, Management of OSH, Continues training & guiding, Guidance on mining activity and Self-protection programmed.

Social Security Organization (SOCSO)

1971 as a government department to enforced Workers social safety act 1969 and became an organization by 1985.  SOCSO handle the social safety scheme which offers a protection to workers against unpredicted event as disaster (accident on the journey, defect and dead).  Medical Treatment, physiology and vocational and prevention against accident are provided to ensure the safety and help the injured worker back to work as soon as possible

Their Mission are:

1. Social safety insurance
2. Provide fast, quality, efficient and cheaper services using newest technology and human resources.
3. Research regularly on benefit structure based on financial capability and method of giving the benefit. 
4. Without increasing the contribution, but taking a good efforts to preserve and enhance the financial by investments and good management.
5. Encourage the OSHA for employer and employees.